Did you know the ancient Persians were ahead of their time in steelmaking? Nearly 1,000 years before Sheffield’s famous stainless steel was invented in 1913, Persians were already adding chromium to steel.
Sheffield, a city in northern England, built its reputation on its metal industry and is celebrated as the birthplace of stainless steel. But stainless steel is special: it must contain at least 10.5% chromium to resist rust and corrosion. Until recently, historians thought the deliberate use of chromium in steel only began with Sheffield’s 1913 invention. However, new research reveals that ancient Persian blacksmiths were already experimenting with chromium steel.
A Discovery in Iran
Researchers at University College London (UCL) uncovered this fascinating history while investigating a site in modern-day Iran. They were guided by ancient manuscripts referencing a renowned steelmaking hub called Chahak. While many villages in Iran share this name, the team pinpointed the likely location in Fars province—a quiet farming village today.
The team found clues in ancient slag (the waste left over from forging) and used advanced microscopes to analyse the materials. They discovered chromite ore, an ingredient mentioned in an 11th-century manuscript called *"A Compendium to Know the Gems"* by Persian scholar Abu-Rayhan Biruni. The steel produced there contained about 1-2% chromium—deliberately added, not a natural contaminant.
Superior Steel for Weapons and Tools
Like modern stainless steel, the chromium in Persian steel created a protective layer that slowed down rusting. This would have made it ideal for weapons and tools. Historical records even describe the steel from Chahak as having beautiful patterns, though it was known to be brittle. Some experts think this explains why Persian swords and blades found by archaeologists are still in remarkably good condition.
Interestingly, the use of chromium steel in Persia disappeared after several centuries, and the technique was forgotten until chromium reappeared in steelmaking in the 20th century.
The Modern Invention of Stainless Steel
Fast forward to August 13, 1913: Harry Brearley, a metallurgist from Sheffield, created the first true stainless steel. His alloy contained 12.8% chromium and 0.24% carbon, meeting the threshold to resist rust at high temperatures. His invention revolutionised industries and remains a cornerstone of modern manufacturing.
Though Persian steel wasn’t stainless steel by today’s standards, this discovery highlights the ingenuity of ancient metallurgy. The research sheds light on how ancient technologies influenced modern advancements, proving that the past still has much to teach us.
Whether Stainless Steel was first invented in Persia or Sheffield, just up the road, it is at the core of everything we do at DSM. From Stainless Steel Hand Wash Basins to Stainless Steel Vanity Tops, our range all enjoy our indepth experience in stainless steel fabrication from cutting to forming and polishing.